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  William Johnson -Local Guide Expert

  :: 13 March 2018 00:55:15

  opening of grandiose perspectives, integrating architecture, sculpture, gardens and fountains, which have remarkable examples in Praça do Comércio de Lisboa is a singular case of a quadrangular plaza open on one side of the Tajo estuary, the nerve center of the Portuguese maritime empire. Its amplitude and design unit is due to the reconstruction after the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. The Arc de Triomphe, in Paris, at the center of a wide square within the network of avenues planned by Baron Haussmann (colored photo of 1921). The urban extensions of the 19th century (for Spain those of Ildefonso Cerdá in Barcelona and Carlos María de Castro in Madrid) and the expansion in the city's surface allowed the development of open plots with the presence of very different types of squares. The specific design of squares goes to constitute its own material, in parallel to the formal constitution of the profession of landscape architect (Law Olmsted in the free spaces of Boston and New York). The market function, on the other hand, was regulated by the new hygienist ideal towards the closed market. Simultaneously, there is a need to isolate green spaces for public use, either in large areas, such as urban forests, well-suited to the usual dimensions of squares, which The twentieth century, with the revolution of urban transport that brings the use of the automobile made the road function one of the essentials of these spaces, while, on the other hand, the saturation of traffic and parking brought as one of the solutions the pedestrianization of many of them since the end of that century. Another question that has sometimes For some authors, the reflections of the most recent urbanism (postmodernity, deconstructivism), start from the blurring of the difference between plaza and street as a consequence of the open block architecture advocated by the Modern Movement and functionalism